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1/20/2016 3:23:00 PM

There are many different types of growth promotants that livestock producers can use. See the list below to learn more.

Implants

Implants are administered through a small pellet that is placed under the skin on the back of an animal’s ear, but some can be given through the animals’ feed (Gadberry, 2009). Implants have been given to beef cattle to increase feed efficiency and daily gains, the amount of weight gained by the animal each day. Feed efficiency is the ability of an animal to better use the nutrients in the feed for growth. Research has also shown that farmers receive ten dollars in profit for every one dollar spent on the implant which helps to increase farm profitability (Gadberry, 2009). The farmers receives this extra profit because of a decrease in feed needed to grow the animal and an increase in market weight of the animal.

How do implants work?

Animal growth is mainly regulated by a part of the brain called the pituitary gland and its secretions of growth hormone (Gadberry, 2009). Implants work by increasing (via the pituitary gland) the amount of growth hormone and insulin in the animal’s cells, which allows the animal to grow more muscle and deposit less fat from the food it eats. This causes a measurable increase in growth rate and improved feed efficiency. Implants don’t guarantee that animals will automatically grow; farmers must still provide the animal with good nutrition (Gadberry, 2009).

Ractopamine 

Ractopamine is a feed additive that helps to improve weight gain, improve feed efficiency, and increase leanness in pigs and cattle. Leanness means that the animal does not have a large amount of fat in its body. By improving feed efficiency, animals are better able to use food to grow and increase in weight. This means that it takes less time for the animal to reach market weight for slaughter (FDA, 2007). The brand names for ractopamine are Paylean for pigs and Optaflexx in cattle.        

rbST

Somatotropin (ST), also known as growth hormone, is a natural protein hormone that is produced by the pituitary gland, which is part of the brain. In dairy cows, bovine somatotropin (bST) is a major regulator of milk production (National Research Council, 1994), (Etherton et al., 1998).  Recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) is a man-made version of bST (Raymond et al, 2009). rbST is given to cows by a shot and helps to increase the amount of milk a cow produces. There is no difference between milk that is organic, labeled as rbST free or from cows that received rbST (Vicini et al., 2008). There is no FDA-approved test that can tell the difference between milk from cows given rbST and those not given rbST (Raymond, 2009).

rbST increases milk production by an average of approximately 15 percent in the United States dairy cow population. It also reduces the cost of production of a glass of milk, therefore potentially making milk more affordable for the consumer. The use of rbST to increase milk production in just 15 percent of the U.S. dairy cow population would reduce the carbon footprint of milk production by an amount equal to taking approximately 390,000 cars off the road or planting approximately 290 million trees annually. There is no significant impact on animal health when rbST is used to supplement dairy cattle (Raymond, 2009).


1/20/2016 3:13:24 AM
Once aggressive gaining implants are in place, to make the best out of the hormones it's necessary to force the animal to overfeeding, tricking the brain with fake hunger signals so it will eat more, longer and faster, keeping it artificilally force fed while it's on hormones, drug therapy may be used to stimulate appetite. 
Drugs Affecting Appetite


nabolic steroids are synthetic derivatives of testosterone that have enhanced anabolic effects with reduced androgenic effects. Anabolic steroids do not directly affect hunger, satiety, or sensory perception of food. Instead, they antagonize the catabolic effect of glucocorticoids and the negative nitrogen balance associated with surgery, illness, trauma, and aging. In all cases, improved nitrogen balance depends on adequate protein/calorie intake and treatment of the underlying disease. Anabolic steroids stimulate hematopoiesis, appetite, and weight gain. Adverse effects of anabolic steroid therapy include hepatotoxicity, masculinization, and early closure of bony epiphyses in young animals. Anabolic steroids are contraindicated in animals with congestive heart failure because of sodium and water retention. Because of human abuse potential, anabolic steroids are controlled substances. Although once (in)famous for abuse in people and horses, stanozolol and boldenone undecylenate are no longer marketed by veterinary pharmaceutical companies in North America. Currently, any anabolic product for veterinary use can only be obtained from a compounding pharmacy. Use of anabolic steroids in performance horses is prohibited by most equine sport organizations, and detection times can be >2 mo.



Glucocorticoids increase gluconeogenesis and antagonize insulin for an overall hyperglycemic effect. Appetite is stimulated by the steroid-induced euphoria. Continued use of glucocorticoids has catabolic effects because skeletal muscle and collagen proteins are broken down to provide the precursors for gluconeogenesis.



When used as anxiolytics, the benzodiazepines (BZD) became well known for their appetite stimulation effects independent of their anxiolytic activity. Stereospecific binding of a BZD to GABA A receptors in the parabrachial nucleus produces a strong dose-dependent (ie, voracious) increase in food consumption. Hunger level and degree of satiety has no effect on BZD-induced food intake. So, it appears that the BZDs do not modulate hunger or satiety directly but act specifically to enhance taste and other sensory characteristics of food. By manipulating the stereospecificity of the BZD drugs, appetite-selective partial agonist compounds have been developed that have actions disassociated from the other major effects of full agonists (eg, amnesia, sedation, incoordination, anxiolysis). Likewise, inverse agonists of the BZD receptors reduce food consumption. BZD receptor antagonists block the appetite-simulating effects of the full or partial agonists, as well as the appetite-suppressive effects of the inverse agonists. So, there is a bidirectional control of food intake mediated by a common subset of BZD receptors. Levels of food intake, ranging from voracious consumption at one extreme to complete anorexia at the other, with every level in between, can be achieved by the relative concentration of agonists and inverse agonists binding to those BZD receptors specifically involved in the control of appetite. Diazepam is an appetite stimulant when administered IV to cats. If responsive, cats begin eating within a few seconds of IV administration, so palatable food should be available before injection.Oxazepam, a metabolite of diazepam, can be given orally to cats. Diazepam is the more effective appetite stimulant but also causes a greater sedative effect than oxazepam.



Cyproheptadine is an antihistamine with serotonin-antagonist action used clinically in cats as an appetite stimulant. It acts as a 5-HT2 receptor antagonist. The lateral hypothalamus normally excretes endogenous opiates, which stimulate eating. The release of these endogenous opiates is inhibited by serotonin and cholecystokinin release, thus inhibiting eating. Cats are very sensitive to changes in serotonin concentrations, so serotonin antagonists are very potent in cats. CNS excitement and aggressive behavior may occur in some cats.



Mirtazapine is an antidepressant used to treat moderate to severe depression in people. Mirtazapine is not a serotonin or norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SSRIs such as fluoxetine are noted to decrease appetite). It is an antagonist of presynaptic α2-adrenergic autoreceptors and heteroreceptors on both norepinephrine and serotonin (5-HT) presynaptic axons, plus is a potent antagonist of postsynaptic 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 receptors. This mechanism of action maintains equivalent antidepressant efficacy but minimizes many of the adverse effects common to both tricyclic antidepressants and SSRIs. Because of its unique pharmacologic profile, mirtazapine usually does not cause anticholinergic effects, serotonin-related adverse effects, or adrenergic adverse effects (orthostatic hypotension and sexual dysfunction). Antihistaminic drowsiness is a common effect. Mirtazapine is used for disease conditions in which inappetance and nausea go together, such as in the treatment of GI disease or liver or kidney disease. Mirtazapine can also be used to alleviate the nausea and appetite loss that accompanies chemotherapy. α-Adrenergic receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone are important in inducing emesis in cats. Clinically, mirtazapine is an effective appetite stimulant and antiemetic for cats with chronic kidney disease and appears to be a useful adjunct in nutritional management of these cats. There is little pharmacokinetic information on mirtazapine in dogs and cats, but mirtazapine shows sexual effects in hepatic metabolism in people, so it is likely there is similar variation in metabolism in dogs and cats and the potential for variation in efficacy.



Mirtazapine is typically given once a day to dogs and twice a week to cats. It should be used with caution in dogs and cats with severe liver or kidney disease, because mirtazapine clearance will be reduced. In cats and small dogs, it is difficult to reduce the dose, because the smallest tablet manufactured cannot be accurately cut much smaller than the regular dosing schedule allows. In this situation, a compounding pharmacy could be employed to create a lower dose, or the dosing schedule can be extended. This is especially important for cats with liver disease.



Megestrol acetate is a synthetic progestin. It has significant antiestrogen and glucocorticoid activity, with resulting adrenal suppression. It is used to stimulate appetite and promote weight gain in people with cancer and cachexia (related to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) and may have a similar effect in anorectic cats and dogs. Megestrol acetate is contraindicated in pregnant animals and in animals with uterine disease, diabetes mellitus, or mammary neoplasia. In cats, megestrol acetate can induce a profound adrenocortical suppression, adrenal atrophy, and diabetes mellitus, which may or may not be reversible. Toxicity is less of a problem in dogs.



Other drugs used as appetite stimulants include B vitamins and glucocorticoids. B vitamin preparations are administered orally and parenterally to debilitated animals, especially horses, to promote appetite. Glucocorticoids increase gluconeogenesis and antagonize insulin for an overall hyperglycemic effect. Appetite is stimulated by the steroid-induced euphoria. Continued use of glucocorticoids results in catabolic effects, as skeletal muscle and collage proteins are broken down to provide the precursors for gluconeogenesis.

 

 

12/9/2015 3:50:00 PM
Study: Aggressive implant strategy can increase weight gain without loss of quality During a new study conducted jointly with the North Dakota State University Animal Sciences Department and the Central Grasslands Research Extension Center (CGREC), steers of varying genetic potential were used to explore how implant strategy and genetic potential for marbling and growth interact. "Our overall goal was to see if you could feed cattle differently in a feedlot setting who had different genetic potentials," said Dani Black, a graduate student from the animal sciences department at NDSU. After analyzation for genetic merit on 114 steers at CGREC by way of blood sampling, a portion of the tested steers were sorted into treatment groups based on their growth and marbling potential. Of the group of tested steers, the top-rated 36 and bottom-rated 36 steers were used for the study. "The evaluations on them give you three numbers - the overall score and two scores for marbling and gain," said Black. "So there was potential for marbling and there was potential for gain, and we used those scores to pick the highest of the high and the lowest of the low." Within each high and low genetic merit group, half was either placed into an aggressive or moderate implant program. "We wanted to see if you could manage the different potentials differently," said Black. "We wanted to see how with those more marbling steers, how that more aggressive implant affected them." The study showed that in terms of growth performance, the average daily gain of steers was not impacted by genetic potential, but that a more aggressive implant strategy did improve growth by nearly 0.25 pounds per day. "One of the things that we had kind of thought with this project is to see if we can just get low genetic potential calves to grow and gain as quick as possible," said Carl Dahlen, beef/cattle Extension specialist at NDSU. "That's where the real aggressive implant strategy came in and at the end of the day, both of our groups had extremely good quality grades, which translates into a high dollar value carcass." The increase in carcass value was true despite whether the steer was of high or low genetic potential. "It comes back to the management end of the feedlot," said Dahlen. "We can have low genetic potential and with proper management we can still create a very high dollar value through a high quality carcass." Dahlen believes that there were four main contributing reasons to the overall quality of the cattle involved in the project, which included them waiting until all stress was out and the steers were up and eating before implant; a gradual transitioning to a grazing or high forage diet up to final finishing; an increase of feeding in a controlled manner without any big jumps in size of delivery; and the consistency of when and how food was delivered. According to CGREC, based on the preliminary results of the study, producers feeding cattle with lower genetic potential would not sacrifice quality for increased weight gain when a more aggressive implant strategy is used. However, a more moderate implant strategy could help maximize returns for high-genetic potential calves.

12/9/2015 3:02:18 PM
A new cattle drug called Zilmax is being widely used in the industrial feedlots where most of America?s beef comes from, but not because it produces a better sirloin. In fact, it has been shown to make steak less flavorful and juicy than beef from untreated cattle. Many feedlot owners, big meatpackers, and at least one prominent industry group resisted the drug, worrying that the beef industry would turn off consumers if it started churning out lower-quality steaks. So what accounts for the sudden popularity of Zilmax? Zilmax is a highly effective growth drug, and it makes cattle swell up with muscle in the final weeks of their lives. And despite concerns within the industry, the economics of modern beef production have made the rise of Zilmax all but inevitable. Originally developed to treat asthma in humans, it was later found to be a ?repartitioning agent? in cattle, changing the animals? metabolism so they produce more muscle instead of fat. While this can boost the amount of meat per carcass, it can remove the very qualities that people like about beef, like the fatty marbling that adds juiciness and flavor. In 2006, Intervet Inc., the company that originally made Zilmax, won approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to use it in the food supply, even after noting in its application to the FDA that ?overall tenderness, juiciness, flavor intensity and beef flavor were all statistically different [in Zilmax-treated beef] compared to controls.? (Intervet?s application also said consumers probably wouldn?t notice the lesser quality.) The drug was launched commercially in the United States in 2007 and is now sold by Merck Animal Health. At first, meatpackers greeted Zilmax with skepticism. Early research showing the harmful effects on beef quality scared off many feedlot owners who would have purchased it. By the late summer of 2011 only two of the major meatpackers, Tyson Foods Inc. and JBS SA, accepted cattle treated with Zilmax, according to feedlot managers and the companies. Cargill, which was concerned about quality, didn?t accept Zilmax-treated cattle until 2012. National Beef Packing Co. refused to comment on its Zilmax practices for this article, but according to feedlot managers, that company also began accepting Zilmax-treated animals last year. Those four major meatpackers control roughly 85 percent of the market, so when they decide to accept a new practice, as they now have with Zilmax, its implementation is swift across the entire beef supply. As Zilmax gains popularity, it is creating a kind of positive feedback loop. As more feedlots use it and more meatpackers accept it, more of their competitors feel pressured to do the same just to keep up, even if they have concerns about Zilmax?s effects

12/9/2015 2:36:54 PM
Cattle Hormonal growth promotants The hormonal growth promotants (HGPs) for cattle increase both weight gain and feed conversion efficiency. The increase in bodyweight is predominantly lean meat and not fat, so the carcase is more valuable. However, to achieve this growth response there must be a plentiful supply of good quality feed available. HGPs work well and are generally very cost effective if young cattle are to be held for any length of time and there is adequate feed available. There is no scientific evidence that cattle treated with HGPs are a human health risk. However, there is strong consumer concern about the use of HGPs in animals destined for human consumption. Meat from cattle treated with HGPs is not allowed into the European Union, and some of our live export markets have restrictions on the importation of HGP treated cattle. Food safety is an emotive issue. The Australian live export trade must be very mindful of the market sensitivities involved. HGPs sales are subject to close inventory control and government audit. HGPs must be stored securely and used strictly in accordance with the manufacturer?s recommendations. The HGPs registered for cattle are all pellets which must be implanted under the skin of the ear. No other implantation site is acceptable. Nor is it acceptable to use an HGP registered for cattle in any other species. Treated cattle must be individually identified with an approved ear punch. Adverse side effects include bulling, prepucial prolapse (mainly in Bos indicus cattle), vaginal prolapse and rectal prolapse. However, the incidence of serious problems is low. Breeding cattle should not be treated with HGPs, as they can interfere with subsequent fertility. HGPs that have oestradiol, progesterone and/or testosterone as the active ingredient are sometimes called ?natural? HGPs, because these hormones occur in normal animals ? treatment simply increases their concentration and hence metabolic effect.

12/9/2015 2:33:48 PM
Which appetite stimulant / tonic? Bykahepar and Coforta 100 are appetite stimulants specifically registered for use in cattle. Either can be used. Daily treatment is required. Corticosteroids Corticosteroids are principally used for stress relief, but they also help mobilise the body?s energy reserves and stimulate appetite. Corticosteroids are the treatment of choice for cattle that are simply stressed and not coping well with their environment. Corticosteroids slow down the immune response and increase susceptibility to bacterial infection. As such, they are less suitable for animals debilitated by injury or disease. As a general rule, corticosteroids should not be used without concurrent antibiotic cover. The corticosteroids registered for use in cattle are listed and discussed in more detail under the heading ?anti-inflammatory agents?. Vitamin B12 There are numerous products on the market containing vitamin B12, a recognised appetite stimulant, often with a cocktail of other supplements. They offer no obvious advantages over Bykahepar, Coforta 100 and corticosteroids. Vitamin B12 supplements that are not registered for use in cattle should not be used.

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 Age: 24
 Nanaimo, Canada